@article{Weil2019,

title = {Spread of the new coral disease “SCTLD” into the Caribbean: implications for Puerto Rico.},

author = {E Weil and EA Hernández-Delgado and M Gonzalez and S Williams and S Suleimán-Ramos and M Figuerola and T Metz-Estrella},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342477916_REEF_ENCOUNTER_Spread_of_the_new_coral_disease_SCTLD_into_the_Caribbean_implications_for_Puerto_Rico

https://www.agrra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Weil-et-al.-2020-Reef-Encounter.pdf

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Spread-of-the-new-coral-disease-SCTLD-into-the-Caribbean-implications-for-Puerto-Rico.pdf

},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-01},

urldate = {2019-12-01},

journal = {Reef Encounter},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {38-43},

abstract = {The ongoing deterioration and significant decline in live coral cover and diversity in coral reef communities

worldwide is strongly associated with increasing water temperatures linked to Global Climate Change, aided by

anthropogenic activities (Harvell et al. 2004, 2007, 2009; Weil and Rogers 2011; Maynard et al. 2016; Woodley et al.

2016). In the Wider Caribbean, major community structure and function decline was marked by two region-wide,

concurrent, highly virulent disease epizootics in the early 1980’s. These events almost wiped out two foundational

scleractinian species (Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis), and the keystone sea urchin Diadema antillarum. White

band disease (WBD) affected the acroporids and was caused by a complex of vibrio bacteria (Gil-Agudelo et al. 2006).

The Diadema mass mortality had all the trademark characteristics of a virulent, transmissible, bacterial or viral

infection, but the putative pathogen (pathogens) was never identified (Lessios 2016). Populations of both acroporids

and sea urchins suffered over 95% mortalities throughout the wider Caribbean (Gladfelter 1982; Lessios et al. 1984a,b;

Aronson and Precht 2001; Lessios 2016), followed by a cascade of ecological consequences (significant loss of live

coral cover, primary productivity, spatial complexity, biodiversity and fecundity; loss of ecological functions, increase

in algal cover and biomass, etc.), ending in a shift from coral- to algal-dominated communities and the loss of

ecological services to other tropical marine communities and to human beings (Aronson and Precht 2001; Weil and

Rogers 2011). Several other disease-induced mass mortalities of other cnidarians, as well as of massive, plate and

nodular reef-building genera, have in the last 30 years resulted in additional loss of biomass, diversity and live coral

cover on many Caribbean reefs (Miller et al. 2009; Weil et al. 2009a; Weil and Rogers 2011; Bastidas et al. 2011; Weil

et al. 2017). },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2016,

title = {Scraping and extirpating: two strategies to induce recovery of diseased \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} sea fans},

author = {Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/maec.12283

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ruiz-Diaz_et_al-2016-Marine_Ecology.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12283},

issn = {0173-9565},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-27},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Marine Ecology},

volume = {37},

issue = {2},

pages = {336-343},

abstract = {Coral diseases are currently playing a major role in the worldwide decline in coral reef integrity. One of the coral species most afflicted by disease in the Caribbean, and which has been the focus of much research, is the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina. There is, however, very little information regarding the capacity of sea fans to recover after being infected. The aim of this study was to compare the rehabilitation capacity of G. ventalina after diseased-induced lesions were eliminated either by scraping or extirpating the affected area. Scraping consisted of removing any organisms overgrowing the axial skeleton from the diseased area as well as the purple tissue bordering these overgrowths using metal bristle brushes. Extirpation consisted of cutting the diseased area, including the surrounding purpled tissue, using scissors. The number of scraped colonies that fully or partially rehabilitated after being manipulated and the rates at which the sea fans whose lesions were scrapped grew back healthy tissue were compared among: (i) colonies that inhabited two sites with contrasting environmental conditions; (ii) colonies of different sizes and (iii) colonies with different ratios of area of legions to total colony area (LA/CA). Both strategies proved to be very successful in eliminating lesions from sea fans. In the case of scraping, over 51% of the colonies recovered between 80% and 100% of the lost tissue within 16 months. The number of colonies that recovered from scraping was similar among sites and among colony sizes, but differed significantly depending on the relative amount of lesion to colony area (LA/CA). When lesions were extirpated, lesions did not reappear in any of the colonies. We conclude that lesion scraping is useful for eliminating relatively small lesions (i.e. LA/CA < 10%), as these are likely to recover in a shorter period of time, whereas for relatively large lesions (LA/CA ≥ 10%) it is more appropriate to extirpate the lesion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2016b,

title = {The role of coral colony health state in the recovery of lesions},

author = {Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz​ and Carlos Toledo-Hernandez and Alex E. Mercado-Molina and María-Eglée Pérez and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ruiz-Diazetal2016.pdf

https://peerj.com/articles/1531/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26788423/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289376592_The_role_of_coral_colony_health_state_in_the_recovery_of_lesions},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1531},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-05},

urldate = {2016-01-12},

journal = {Peer J},

pages = {1-13},

abstract = {Coral disease literature has focused, for the most part, on the etiology of the more than 35 coral afflictions currently described. Much less understood are the factors that underpin the capacity of corals to regenerate lesions, including the role of colony health. This lack of knowledge with respect to the factors that influence tissue regeneration significantly limits our understanding of the impact of diseases at the colony, population, and community level. In this study, we experimentally compared tissue regeneration capacity of diseased versus healthy fragments of Gorgonia ventalina colonies at 5 m and 12 m of depth. We found that the initial health state of colonies (i.e., diseased or healthy) had a significant effect on tissue regeneration (healing). All healthy fragments exhibited full recovery regardless of depth treatment, while diseased fragments did not. Our results suggest that being diseased or healthy has a significant effect on the capacity of a sea fan colony to repair tissue, but that environmental factors associated with changes in depth, such as temperature and light, do not. We conclude that disease doesn’t just compromise vital functions such as growth and reproduction in corals but also compromises their capacity to regenerate tissue and heal lesions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}